参考文献
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認知科学・認知心理学（記憶・注意・スキーマ・専門家–初心者）
[Anderson2000] Anderson, John R. Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications (5th ed.). Worth Publishers, 2000.
[Atkinson1968] Atkinson, Richard C. and Shiffrin, Richard M. "Human Memory: A Proposed System and Its Control Processes". In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (eds. Spence, Kenneth W. and Spence, Janet T.), vol. 2, pp. 89–195. Academic Press, 1968.
[Baddeley1986] Baddeley, Alan D. Working Memory. Oxford University Press, 1986.
[Bartlett1932] Bartlett, Frederic C. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge University Press, 1932.
[Chi1981] Chi, Michelene T. H., Feltovich, Paul and Glaser, Robert. "Categorization and Representation of Physics Problems by Experts and Novices". Cognitive Science, 5(2), 121–152, 1981.
[Chomsky1959] Chomsky, Noam. "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior". Language, 35(1), 26–58, 1959. doi:10.2307/411334
[Collins1969] Collins, Allan M. and Quillian, M. Ross. "Retrieval Time from Semantic Memory". Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8(2), 240–248, 1969.
[Griggs1982] Griggs, Richard A. and Cox, James R. "The Elusive Thematic-Materials Effect in Wason's Selection Task". British Journal of Psychology, 73, 407–420, 1982.
[Miller1956] Miller, George A. "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information". Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97, 1956.
[Neisser1967] Neisser, Ulric. Cognitive Psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967.
[Rumelhart1980] Rumelhart, David E. "Schemata: The Building Blocks of Cognition". In Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension (eds. Spiro, Rand J., Bruce, Bertram C. and Brewer, William F.), pp. 33–58. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1980.
[Sperling1960] Sperling, George. "The Information Available in Brief Visual Presentations". Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 74(11), 1–29, 1960. doi:10.1037/h0093759
[Tulving1972] Tulving, Endel. "Episodic and Semantic Memory". In Organization of Memory (eds. Tulving, Endel and Donaldson, Wayne), pp. 381–403. Academic Press, 1972.
[Wason1968] Wason, Peter C. "Reasoning about a Rule". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20(3), 273–281, 1968.
認知アーキテクチャと推論（ACT-R・SOAR・シンボリックAI・Marr）
[Anderson1993] Anderson, John R. Rules of the Mind. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993.
[Anderson1998] Anderson, John R. and Lebiere, Christian. The Atomic Components of Thought. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998.
[Anderson2007] Anderson, John R., Bothell, Daniel, Byrne, Michael D., Douglass, Scott, Lebiere, Christian and Qin, Yulin. "An Integrated Theory of the Mind". Psychological Review, 114(4), 1036–1060, 2007.
[Card1983] Card, Stuart K., Moran, Thomas P. and Newell, Allen. The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1983.
[Laird1987] Laird, John E., Newell, Allen and Rosenbloom, Paul S. "SOAR: An Architecture for General Intelligence". Artificial Intelligence, 33(1), 1–64, 1987. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(87)90050-6
[Marr1982] Marr, David. Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. W. H. Freeman, 1982.
[Minsky1975] Minsky, Marvin. "A Framework for Representing Knowledge". In The Psychology of Computer Vision (ed. Winston, Patrick H.), pp. 211–277. McGraw-Hill, 1975.
[Newell1972] Newell, Allen and Simon, Herbert A. Human Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall, 1972.
[Newell1981] Newell, Allen and Rosenbloom, Paul S. "Mechanisms of Skill Acquisition and the Law of Practice". In Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition (ed. Anderson, John R.), pp. 1–55. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1981.
[Newell1982] Newell, Allen. "The Knowledge Level". Artificial Intelligence, 18(1), 87–127, 1982.
[Pearl1988] Pearl, Judea. Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference. Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.
[Russell2020] Russell, Stuart J. and Norvig, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Pearson, 2020.
教育学・学習科学（Bloom・Bransford・Sawyer・Vygotsky・Piaget・構成主義）
[Anderson2001] Anderson, Lorin W. and Krathwohl, David R. (eds.) A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Allyn & Bacon, 2001.
[Ausubel1963] Ausubel, David P. The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning. Grune & Stratton, 1963.
[Bloom1956] Bloom, Benjamin S. (ed.) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. David McKay, 1956.
[Bloom1984] Bloom, Benjamin S. "The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-to-One Tutoring". Educational Researcher, 13(6), 4–16, 1984.
[Branch2009] Branch, Robert Maribe. Instructional Design: The ADDIE Approach. Springer, 2009.
[Bransford1972] Bransford, John D. and Johnson, Marcia K. "Contextual Prerequisites for Understanding: Some Investigations of Comprehension and Recall". Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 717–726, 1972.
[Bransford1999] Bransford, John D. and Schwartz, Daniel L. "Rethinking Transfer: A Simple Proposal with Multiple Implications". Review of Research in Education, 24, 61–100, 1999.
[Bransford2000] Bransford, John D., Brown, Ann L. and Cocking, Rodney R. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. National Academy Press, 2000.
[Bruner1960] Bruner, Jerome S. The Process of Education. Harvard University Press, 1960.
[Collins1989] Collins, Allan, Brown, John Seymour and Newman, Susan E. "Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the Crafts of Reading, Writing, and Mathematics". In Knowing, Learning, and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser, pp. 453–494. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989.
[Gagne1985] Gagné, Robert M. The Conditions of Learning and Theory of Instruction (4th ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985.
[Hattie2007] Hattie, John and Timperley, Helen. "The Power of Feedback". Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112, 2007. doi:10.3102/003465430298487
[Kapur2008] Kapur, Manu. "Productive Failure". Cognition and Instruction, 26(3), 379–424, 2008.
[Kapur2016] Kapur, Manu. "Examining Productive Failure, Productive Success, Unproductive Failure, and Unproductive Success in Learning". Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 289–299, 2016.
[Kirkpatrick1994] Kirkpatrick, Donald L. Evaluating Training Programs: The Four Levels. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1994.
[Lave1991] Lave, Jean and Wenger, Etienne. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
[Piaget1952] Piaget, Jean. The Origins of Intelligence in Children. International Universities Press, 1952.
[RittleJohnson1999] Rittle-Johnson, Bethany and Alibali, Martha W. "Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge of Mathematics: Does One Lead to the Other?". Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(1), 175–189, 1999.
[Ryan2000] Ryan, Richard M. and Deci, Edward L. "Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being". American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78, 2000.
[Sawyer2006] Sawyer, R. Keith (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[Stahl2006] Stahl, Gerry (ed.) Group Cognition: Computer Support for Building Collaborative Knowledge. MIT Press, 2006.
[Vygotsky1978] Vygotsky, Lev S. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press, 1978.
[Wood1976] Wood, David, Bruner, Jerome S. and Ross, Gail. "The Role of Tutoring in Problem Solving". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(2), 89–100, 1976.
学習理論：認知負荷・スキーマ・転移・マルチメディア（Sweller・Mayer）
[Bjork1994] Bjork, Robert A. "Memory and Metamemory Considerations in the Training of Human Beings". In Metacognition: Knowing about Knowing (eds. Metcalfe, J. and Shimamura, A. P.), pp. 185–205. MIT Press, 1994.
[Heathcote2000] Heathcote, Andrew, Brown, Scott and Mewhort, D. J. K. "The Power Law Repealed: The Case for an Exponential Law of Practice". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7(2), 185–207, 2000.
[Mayer2009] Mayer, Richard E. Multimedia Learning (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[Mayer2014] Mayer, Richard E. "Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning". In The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning (ed. Mayer, Richard E.), 2nd ed., pp. 43–71. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
[Pashler2008] Pashler, Harold, McDaniel, Mark, Rohrer, Doug and Bjork, Robert. "Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence". Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(3), 105–119, 2008.
[Settles2016] Settles, Burr and Meeder, Brendan. "A Trainable Spaced Repetition Model for Language Learning". In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 1848–1858, 2016.
[Sweller1988] Sweller, John. "Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning". Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285, 1988.
[Sweller2011] Sweller, John, Ayres, Paul and Kalyuga, Slava. Cognitive Load Theory. Springer, 2011.
メタ認知・自己調整学習（Zimmerman・Winne・Flavell）
[Flavell1979] Flavell, John H. "Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring: A New Area of Cognitive-Developmental Inquiry". American Psychologist, 34(10), 906–911, 1979.
[Kruger1999] Kruger, Justin and Dunning, David. "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121–1134, 1999. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
[Winne1998] Winne, Philip H. and Hadwin, Allyson F. "Studying as Self-Regulated Learning". In Metacognition in Educational Theory and Practice (eds. Hacker, Douglas J., Dunlosky, John and Graesser, Arthur C.), pp. 277–304. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998.
[Zimmerman2002] Zimmerman, Barry J. "Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: An Overview". Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64–70, 2002.
知識工学・オントロジー・専門家システム（Feigenbaum・Studer・Gruber・Guarino・OWL/RDF）
[Buchanan1984] Buchanan, Bruce G. and Shortliffe, Edward H. Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. Addison-Wesley, 1984.
[Feigenbaum1977] Feigenbaum, Edward A. "The Art of Artificial Intelligence: Themes and Case Studies of Knowledge Engineering". In Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1014–1029, 1977.
[Gruber1993] Gruber, Thomas R. "A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications". Knowledge Acquisition, 5(2), 199–220, 1993.
[Guarino2009] Guarino, Nicola, Oberle, Daniel and Staab, Steffen. "What Is an Ontology?". In Handbook on Ontologies (eds. Staab, Steffen and Studer, Rudi), pp. 1–17. Springer, 2009.
[Klyne2004] Klyne, Graham and Carroll, Jeremy J. "Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax". W3C Recommendation, W3C, 2004. https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/
[Lenat1995] Lenat, Douglas B. "CYC: A Large-Scale Investment in Knowledge Infrastructure". Communications of the ACM, 38(11), 33–38, 1995. doi:10.1145/219717.219745
[Lindsay1980] Lindsay, Robert K., Buchanan, Bruce G., Feigenbaum, Edward A. and Lederberg, Joshua. Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Organic Chemistry: The DENDRAL Project. McGraw-Hill, 1980.
[McGuinness2004] McGuinness, Deborah L. and van Harmelen, Frank. "OWL Web Ontology Language Overview". W3C Recommendation, W3C, 2004. https://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/
[Niles2001] Niles, Ian and Pease, Adam. "Towards a Standard Upper Ontology". In Proceedings of the International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS-2001), pp. 2–9, 2001.
[Novak2006] Novak, Joseph D. and Cañas, Alberto J. "The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct and Use Them". Technical Report IHMC CmapTools 2006-01, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, 2006.
[Shortliffe1976] Shortliffe, Edward H. Computer-Based Medical Consultations: MYCIN. Elsevier, 1976.
[Studer1998] Studer, Rudi, Benjamins, V. Richard and Fensel, Dieter. "Knowledge Engineering: Principles and Methods". Data & Knowledge Engineering, 25(1-2), 161–197, 1998.
知的個別指導システム（ITS）と AIED（Cognitive Tutor・ASSISTments・SCHOLAR・BUGGY・AutoTutor・Andes・Hirashima ES/Monsakun・Carnegie Learning）
[Aleven2006] Aleven, Vincent, McLaren, Bruce M., Roll, Ido and Koedinger, Kenneth R. "Toward Meta-cognitive Tutoring: A Model of Help Seeking with a Cognitive Tutor". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 16(2), 101–128, 2006.
[Alpert1969] Alpert, Daniel and Bitzer, Donald L. "Advances in Computer-Based Education". Science, 167(3925), 1582–1590, 1969.
[Anderson1995] Anderson, John R., Corbett, Albert T., Koedinger, Kenneth R. and Pelletier, Ray. "Cognitive Tutors: Lessons Learned". Journal of the Learning Sciences, 4(2), 167–207, 1995.
[Annett1967] Annett, John and Duncan, K. D. "Task Analysis and Training Design". Occupational Psychology, 41, 211–221, 1967.
[Arroyo2014] Arroyo, Ivon, Woolf, Beverly Park, Burleson, Winslow, Muldner, Kasia, Rai, Dovan and Tai, Ming. "A Multimedia Adaptive Tutoring System for Mathematics That Addresses Cognition, Metacognition and Affect". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 24(4), 387–426, 2014.
[Ashley1990] Ashley, Kevin D. Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals. MIT Press, 1990.
[Biswas2005] Biswas, Gautam, Leelawong, Krittaya, Schwartz, Daniel, Vye, Nancy and The Teachable Agents Group at Vanderbilt. "Learning by Teaching: A New Agent Paradigm for Educational Software". Applied Artificial Intelligence, 19(3-4), 363–392, 2005.
[Brown1975] Brown, John Seely, Burton, Richard R. and Bell, Alan G. "SOPHIE: A Step Towards a Reactive Learning Environment". International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 7, 675–696, 1975.
[Brown1978] Brown, John Seely and Burton, Richard R. "Diagnostic Models for Procedural Bugs in Basic Mathematical Skills". Cognitive Science, 2, 155–192, 1978. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0202_4
[Brusilovsky1996] Brusilovsky, Peter, Schwarz, Elmar and Weber, Gerhard. "ELM-ART: An Intelligent Tutoring System on World Wide Web". In Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 261–269. Springer, 1996.
[Brusilovsky2001] Brusilovsky, Peter. "Adaptive Hypermedia". User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 11(1-2), 87–110, 2001.
[Burton1982] Burton, Richard R. "Diagnosing Bugs in a Simple Procedural Skill". In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (eds. Sleeman, D. and Brown, J. S.), pp. 157–183. Academic Press, 1982.
[Carbonell1970] Carbonell, Jaime R. "AI in CAI: An Artificial-Intelligence Approach to Computer-Assisted Instruction". IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 11(4), 190–202, 1970.
[Carbonell1970scholar] Carbonell, Jaime R. Mixed-Initiative Man-Computer Instructional Dialogues. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1970.
[Carr1977] Carr, Brian and Goldstein, Ira P. "Overlays: A Theory of Modelling for Computer Aided Instruction". International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 5, 215–236, 1977.
[Clancey1984] Clancey, William J. "Methodology for Building an Intelligent Tutoring System". In Methods and Tactics in Cognitive Science (eds. Kintsch, Walter, Miller, James R. and Polson, Peter G.), pp. 51–83. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1984.
[Clancey1987] Clancey, William J. Knowledge-Based Tutoring: The GUIDON Program. MIT Press, 1987.
[Dzikovska2013] Dzikovska, Myroslava O., Steinhauser, Natalie, Farrow, Elaine, Moore, Johanna D. and Campbell, Gwendolyn E. "BEETLE II: Deep Natural Language Understanding and Automatic Feedback Generation for Intelligent Tutoring in Basic Electricity and Electronics". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 24(3), 284–332, 2013.
[Graesser2004] Graesser, Arthur C., Lu, Shulan, Jackson, George T., Mitchell, Heather H., Ventura, Matthew, Olney, Andrew and Louwerse, Max M. "AutoTutor: A Tutor with Dialogue in Natural Language". Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(2), 180–192, 2004.
[Guo2013] Guo, Philip J. "Online Python Tutor: Embeddable Web-Based Program Visualization for CS Education". In Proceeding of the 44th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 579–584. ACM, 2013.
[Guzdial2004] Guzdial, Mark. "Programming Environments for Novices". In Computer Science Education Research (eds. Fincher, Sally and Petre, Marian), pp. 127–154. Taylor & Francis, 2004.
[Heffernan2014] Heffernan, Neil T. and Heffernan, Cristina Lindquist. "The ASSISTments Ecosystem: Building a Platform that Brings Scientists and Teachers Together for Minimally Invasive Research on Human Learning and Teaching". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 24(4), 470–497, 2014.
[Hirashima1998] Hirashima, Tsukasa, Horiguchi, Tomoya, Kashihara, Akihiro and Toyoda, Jun'ichi. "Error-Based Simulation for Error-Visualization and Its Management". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 9(1-2), 17–31, 1998.
[Hirashima2007] Hirashima, Tsukasa, Yokoyama, Takuro, Okamoto, Masahiko and Takeuchi, Akira. "Learning by Problem-Posing as Sentence-Integration and Its Evaluation". In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2007), pp. 254–261, 2007.
[Hirashima2009] Hirashima, Tsukasa, Imai, Isao, Horiguchi, Tomoya and Toumoto, Tsuyoshi. "Error-Based Simulation to Promote Awareness of Errors in Elementary Mechanics and Its Evaluation". In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2009), pp. 409–416. IOS Press, 2009.
[Hirashima2015] 平嶋 宗. 「『学習課題』中心の学習研究：情報構造としての学習課題の再定義と構造操作としての学習活動の設計」. 人工知能, 30(3), 277–280, 2015.
[Hirashima2016] Hirashima, Tsukasa and Horiguchi, Tomoya. "Creation of Cognitive Conflict by Error-Visualization: Error-Based Simulation and Its Practical Use in Science Learning". In Learning, Design, and Technology: An International Compendium of Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy (eds. Spector, M. J., Lockee, B. B. and Childress, M. D.), pp. 1–33. Springer, 2016.
[Hirashima2018] 平嶋 宗, 林 雄介. 「メタ問題設計法としてのオープン情報構造アプローチ」. 人工知能学会第82回先進的学習科学と工学研究会, pp. 55–60, 2018.
[Hirashima2019] 平嶋 宗. 「作問学習に対する知的支援の試みと実践—組立としての作問および診断・フィードバック機能の実現—」. 科学教育研究, 43(2), 61–73, 2019.
[Hirashima2025] Hirashima, Tsukasa and Watanabe, Kazuo. "Recomposition Based Learning for Promoting Structural Understanding — From Reconstruction of External Representations to Recomposition of Internal Representation". In Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Computers in Education. Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education, 2025.
[Horiguchi2002] 堀口 知也, 平嶋 宗. 「誤りの修正を支援するシミュレーション環境—誤り原因の示唆性を考慮した Error-Based Simulation の制御—」. 人工知能学会論文誌, 17(4), 462–472, 2002.
[Horiguchi2015] Horiguchi, Tomoya, Tomoto, Tsuyoshi and Hirashima, Tsukasa. "A Framework of Generating Explanation for Conceptual Understanding Based on 'Semantics of Constraints'". Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 10(1), 2, 2015.
[Horiguchi2020] 堀口 知也, 東本 崇仁, 平嶋 宗. 「知識モデリングに基づく学習支援」. 人工知能学会誌, 35(2), 192–200, 2020.
[Koike2018] 古池 謙人, 東本 崇仁. 「プログラミングにおける構造的理解のための部品の段階的拡張手法の提案とそのシステムの開発」. 教育システム情報学会誌, 35(2), 215–220, 2018.
[Koike2019] 古池 謙人, 東本 崇仁, 堀口 知也, 平嶋 宗. 「プログラミングの構造的理解を指向した部品の段階的拡張手法の提案と支援システムの開発・評価」. 教育システム情報学会誌, 36, 190–202, 2019.
[Koike2020a] 古池 謙人, 東本 崇仁, 堀口 知也, 平嶋 宗. 「プログラミング学習における再利用性を指向した知識組織化のための知的支援—機能・振舞い・構造の観点に基づく問題解決過程のモデル—」. 人工知能学会論文誌, 35(5), C-J82_1–17, 2020.
[Koike2020b] Koike, Kento, Mogi, Tomohito, Tomoto, Takahito, Horiguchi, Tomoya and Hirashima, Tsukasa. "Compogram: Development and Evaluation of ITS for Organizing Programming-Knowledge by Visualizing Behavior". In HCI International 2020, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12427, pp. 151–162. Springer, 2020.
[Koike2021] 古池 謙人, 久世 泰成, 東本 崇仁. 「Error-based Simulation と概念マップを用いたメタ認知駆動学習を促すシステムの開発と評価」. 電子情報通信学会論文誌 D, J104(6), 526–528, 2021.
[Koike2023a] 古池 謙人, 樋村 いづみ, 東本 崇仁. 「TAME：誤りの可視化を重視した Teachable Agent の挙動制御手法」. 電子情報通信学会論文誌 D, J106-D(2), 110–122, 2023.
[Koike2023b] 古池 謙人, 藤島 優希, 東本 崇仁, 堀口 知也, 平嶋 宗. 「プログラミングの機能的階層構造の学習環境における習熟度を考慮した適応的フィードバック機能の評価」. 教育システム情報学会誌, 40(3), 2023.
[Koike2023c] Koike, Kento, Majumdar, Rwitajit, Hoppe, H. Ulrich and Ogata, Hiroaki. "Conceptual Design of WHALE: A Wise Helper Agent for the LEAF Environment". In Workshop Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2023), pp. 204–209, 2023.
[Koike2024] 古池 謙人, 東本 崇仁, 堀口 知也, 平嶋 宗. 「プログラミングを対象としたサブゴール学習支援における振る舞い可視化の効果」. 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 (ET), 124(306), 27–34, 2024.
[Koike2025a] 古池 謙人, 東本 崇仁, 堀口 知也, 平嶋 宗. 「サブゴール学習における効果的な振る舞い可視化機能利用パターンの DSM による調査」. 人工知能学会第104回先進的学習科学と工学研究会, pp. 17–22, 2025.
[Koike2025b] 古池 謙人. 「プログラミングにおける認知活動を対象としたサブゴール柔軟性に関する初期検討」. 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 (ET), 124(388), 38–45, 2025.
[Koike2025c] 古池 謙人, 東本 崇仁. 「非可観測概念の試行錯誤的学びを指向した誤りの可観測化フィードバック設計フレームワーク ELMER の提案」. 人工知能学会第103回先進的学習科学と工学研究会, pp. 57–62, 2025.
[Koike2026] 古池 謙人. 「中間表現による教育 AI のインタラクション設計」. 人工知能, 41(3), 2026. (本書の中心的論考)
[KoikeCCS2026] Koike, Kento, Aburatani, Takato, Ashida, Akiko, Morita, Keisuke and Kunori, Kazuhiko. "Are Cognitive Schemas Taught to Learners the Same Across Two Different Educational Systems? A Computational Approach". In HCI International 2025 — Late Breaking Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 16333, pp. 373–390. Springer, 2026.
[Suleman2016] Suleman, Raja Muhammad, Mizoguchi, Riichiro and Ikeda, Mitsuru. "A New Perspective of Negotiation-Based Dialog to Enhance Metacognitive Skills in the Context of Open Learner Models". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26(4), 1069–1115, 2016.
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[Catrambone1998] Catrambone, Richard. "The Subgoal Learning Model: Creating Better Examples So That Students Can Solve Novel Problems". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127(4), 355–376, 1998.
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[Wenger1987] Wenger, Etienne. Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems: Computational and Cognitive Approaches to the Communication of Knowledge. Morgan Kaufmann, 1987.
[Koedinger2007] Koedinger, Kenneth R. and Aleven, Vincent. "Exploring the Assistance Dilemma in Experiments with Cognitive Tutors". Educational Psychology Review, 19, 239–264, 2007.
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[Kitamura2004] Kitamura, Yoshinobu and Mizoguchi, Riichiro. "Ontology-Based Systematization of Functional Knowledge". Journal of Engineering Design, 15(4), 327–351, 2004.
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[Holmes2019] Holmes, Wayne, Bialik, Maya and Fadel, Charles. Artificial Intelligence in Education: Promises and Implications for Teaching and Learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign, 2019.
[Horiguchi2014] Horiguchi, Tomoya, Imai, Isao, Toumoto, Tsuyoshi and Hirashima, Tsukasa. "Error-Based Simulation for Error-Awareness in Learning Mechanics: An Evaluation". Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17(3), 1–13, 2014.
[Koedinger1997] Koedinger, Kenneth R., Anderson, John R., Hadley, William H. and Mark, Mary A. "Intelligent Tutoring Goes to School in the Big City". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 8, 30–43, 1997.
[Luckin2016] Luckin, Rosemary. Intelligence Unleashed: An Argument for AI in Education. Pearson Education, 2016.
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学習者モデリングと知識追跡（BKT・DKT・PFA・IRT・KST・Open Learner Models）
[Barnes2005] Barnes, Tiffany. "The Q-Matrix Method: Mining Student Response Data for Knowledge". In Proceedings of the AAAI 2005 Workshop on Educational Data Mining, pp. 1–8, 2005.
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[Pandey2019] Pandey, Shalini and Karypis, George. "A Self-Attentive Model for Knowledge Tracing". In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 384–389, 2019.
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[Tang2023] Tang, Zhongzhou, Zhu, Yan, Wang, Yue, Su, Dan, Liu, Qing and Chen, Enhong. "Hybrid Knowledge Tracing: Integrating Cognitive Models with Deep Learning". IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 16(3), 402–415, 2023.
[Xiong2016] Xiong, Xiaolu, Zhao, Siyuan, Van Inwegen, Eric and Beck, Joseph. "Going Deeper with Deep Knowledge Tracing". In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 545–550, 2016.
[Zhang2017] Zhang, Jiani, Shi, Xingjian, King, Irwin and Yeung, Dit-Yan. "Dynamic Key-Value Memory Networks for Knowledge Tracing". In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 765–774. ACM, 2017.
学習分析（LA）と教育データマイニング（EDM）
[Arnold2012] Arnold, Kimberly E. and Pistilli, Matthew D. "Course Signals at Purdue: Using Learning Analytics to Increase Student Success". In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, pp. 267–270. ACM, 2012.
[Baker2008] Baker, Ryan S., Corbett, Albert T., Roll, Ido and Koedinger, Kenneth R. "Developing a Generalizable Detector of When Students Game the System". User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 18(3), 287–314, 2008.
[Baker2014] Baker, Ryan S. "Educational Data Mining: An Advance for Intelligent Systems in Education". IEEE Intelligent Systems, 29(3), 78–82, 2014.
[Baker2014LA] Baker, Ryan S. and Inventado, Paul Salvador. "Educational Data Mining and Learning Analytics". In Learning Analytics: From Research to Practice (eds. Larusson, Johann A. and White, Brandon), pp. 61–75. Springer, 2014.
[Beck2013] Beck, Joseph E. and Gong, Yue. "Wheel-Spinning: Students Who Fail to Master a Skill". In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2013), pp. 431–440. Springer, 2013.
[Blikstein2011] Blikstein, Paulo. "Using Learning Analytics to Assess Students' Behavior in Open-Ended Programming Tasks". In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, pp. 110–116. ACM, 2011.
[Ferguson2012] Ferguson, Rebecca. "Learning Analytics: Drivers, Developments and Challenges". International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 4(5-6), 304–317, 2012.
[Gardner2018] Gardner, Joshua and Brooks, Christopher. "Evaluating Predictive Models of Student Success: Closing the Methodological Gap". Journal of Learning Analytics, 5(2), 105–125, 2018.
[Kinnebrew2013] Kinnebrew, John S., Loretz, Krista M. and Biswas, Gautam. "A Contextualized, Differential Sequence Mining Method to Derive Students' Learning Behavior Patterns". Journal of Educational Data Mining, 5(1), 190–219, 2013.
[Knight2014] Knight, Simon, Buckingham Shum, Simon and Littleton, Karen. "Epistemology, Assessment, Pedagogy: Where Learning Meets Analytics in the Middle Space". Journal of Learning Analytics, 1(2), 23–47, 2014.
[Koedinger2010] Koedinger, Kenneth R., Baker, Ryan S.J.d., Cunningham, Kyle, Skogsholm, Andreea, Leber, Brett and Stamper, John. "A Data Repository for the EDM Community: The PSLC DataShop". In Handbook of Educational Data Mining (eds. Romero, Cristóbal, Ventura, Sebastián, Pechenizkiy, Mykola and Baker, Ryan S.J.d.), pp. 43–55. CRC Press, 2010.
[Lang2017] Lang, Charles, Siemens, George, Wise, Alyssa and Gasevic, Dragan (eds.) Handbook of Learning Analytics (1st ed.). Society for Learning Analytics Research, 2017.
[Romero2010] Romero, Cristobal and Ventura, Sebastian. "Educational Data Mining: A Review of the State of the Art". IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C, 40(6), 601–618, 2010.
[Siemens2013] Siemens, George and Gasevic, Dragan. "Guest Editorial - Learning and Knowledge Analytics". Educational Technology & Society, 16(1), 1–2, 2013.
[Verbert2014] Verbert, Katrien, Govaerts, Sten, Duval, Erik, Santos, José Luis, Van Assche, Frans, Parra, Gonzalo and Klerkx, Joris. "Learning Dashboards: An Overview and Future Research Opportunities". Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 18(6), 1499–1514, 2014.
[Wise2016] Wise, Alyssa Friend and Shaffer, David Williamson. "Why Theory Matters More than Ever in the Age of Big Data". Journal of Learning Analytics, 2(2), 5–13, 2016.
[Xing2016] Xing, Wanli, Chen, Xin, Stein, Jared and Marcinkowski, Michael. "Temporal Predication of Dropouts in MOOCs: Reaching the Low Hanging Fruit Through Stacking Generalization". Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 119–129, 2016.
ヒューマンコンピュータインタラクションと学習 UI（HCI・VR/AR・ゲーミフィケーション）
[Csikszentmihalyi1990] Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper & Row, 1990.
[Deterding2011] Deterding, Sebastian, Dixon, Dan, Khaled, Rilla and Nacke, Lennart. "From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining Gamification". In Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference, pp. 9–15. ACM, 2011.
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[Makransky2021] Makransky, Guido and Petersen, Gustav B. "The Cognitive Affective Model of Immersive Learning (CAMIL): A Theoretical Research-Based Model of Learning in Immersive Virtual Reality". Educational Psychology Review, 33, 937–958, 2021.
[Nielsen1993] Nielsen, Jakob. Usability Engineering. Morgan Kaufmann, 1993.
[Norman2013] Norman, Donald A. The Design of Everyday Things (Revised and Expanded ed.). Basic Books, 2013.
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大規模言語モデル・生成 AI と機械学習応用（LLM・自動採点・XAI・ニューラルシンボリック）
[Burrows2015] Burrows, Steven, Gurevych, Iryna and Stein, Benno. "The Eras and Trends of Automatic Short Answer Grading". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 25(1), 60–117, 2015.
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[Caruana2015] Caruana, Rich, Lou, Yin, Gehrke, Johannes, Koch, Paul, Sturm, Marc and Elhadad, Noemie. "Intelligible Models for HealthCare: Predicting Pneumonia Risk and Hospital 30-Day Readmission". In Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 1721–1730. ACM, 2015.
[Chen2018] Chen, Penghe, Lu, Yu, Zheng, Vincent W., Chen, Xiao and Yang, Bokun. "KnowEdu: A System to Construct Knowledge Graph for Education". IEEE Access, 6, 31553–31563, 2018.
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[Gunning2019] Gunning, David and Aha, David W. "DARPA's Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) Program". AI Magazine, 40(2), 44–58, 2019.
[Kasneci2023] Kasneci, Enkelejda, Sessler, Kathrin, Küchemann, Stefan, Bannert, Maria, Dementieva, Daryna, Fischer, Frank, Gasser, Urs, Groh, Georg, Günnemann, Stephan, Hüllermeier, Eyke et al. "ChatGPT for Good? On Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models for Education". Learning and Individual Differences, 103, 102274, 2023.
[Mollick2023] Mollick, Ethan R. and Mollick, Lilach. "Using AI to Implement Effective Teaching Strategies in Classrooms: Five Strategies, Including Prompts". SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4391243
[OpenAI2023] OpenAI. "GPT-4 Technical Report". Technical Report, OpenAI, 2023. https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08774
[Pardos2023] Pardos, Zachary A. and Bhandari, Shreya. "Learning Gain Differences between ChatGPT and Human Tutor Generated Algebra Hints". arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.06871, 2023.
[Perelman2014] Perelman, Les. "When ``The State of the Art'' Is Counting Words". Assessing Writing, 21, 104–111, 2014.
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[Stamper2024] Stamper, John, Xiao, Ruiwei and Hou, Xinying. "Enhancing LLM-Based Feedback: Insights from Intelligent Tutoring Systems and the Learning Sciences". In Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 2150, pp. 32–43, 2024. (arXiv:2405.04645)
[Sullivan2023] Sullivan, Meghan, Reese, Keith and Puntambekar, Sadhana. "Should We Teach With Generative AI? Perspectives on the Use of ChatGPT in Education". TechTrends, 67, 647–651, 2023.
[Sun2019] Sun, Geng, Cui, Tingru, Yong, Junhao, Shen, Jun and Chen, Shiping. "Drawing and Recognizing Chinese Characters with Recurrent Neural Network". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 41(4), 849–862, 2019.
[Suzen2020] Suzen, Neslihan, Gorban, Alexander N., Levesley, Jeremy and Mirkes, Evgeny M. "Automatic Short Answer Grading and Feedback Using Text Mining Methods". Procedia Computer Science, 169, 726–743, 2020.
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[Whitehill2014] Whitehill, Jacob, Serpell, Zewelanji, Lin, Yi-Ching, Foster, Aysha and Movellan, Javier R. "The Faces of Engagement: Automatic Recognition of Student Engagement from Facial Expressions". IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 5(1), 86–98, 2014.
[Wiggins2006] Wiggins, Geraint A. "A Preliminary Framework for Description, Analysis and Comparison of Creative Systems". Knowledge-Based Systems, 19(7), 449–458, 2006.
評価・統計・研究方法論（実験計画・効果量・design-based research・protocol analysis）
[Bakeman1997] Bakeman, Roger and Gottman, John M. Observing Interaction: An Introduction to Sequential Analysis (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press, 1997.
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[Brown1992] Brown, Ann L. "Design Experiments: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges in Creating Complex Interventions in Classroom Settings". Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2(2), 141–178, 1992.
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[Chiu2008] Chiu, Ming Ming and Khoo, Lena. "A New Method for Analyzing Sequential Processes: Dynamic Multilevel Analysis". Small Group Research, 36(6), 600–631, 2005.
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[Collins2004] Collins, Allan, Joseph, Diana and Bielaczyc, Katerine. "Design Research: Theoretical and Methodological Issues". Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 15–42, 2004.
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[Kline2015] Kline, Rex B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press, 2015.
[MacKinnon2008] MacKinnon, David P. Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2008.
[Preacher2004] Preacher, Kristopher J. and Hayes, Andrew F. "SPSS and SAS Procedures for Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models". Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731, 2004.
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[Shadish2002] Shadish, William R., Cook, Thomas D. and Campbell, Donald T. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
倫理・公平性・社会的影響
[Baker2022] Baker, Ryan S. and Hawn, Aaron. "Algorithmic Bias in Education". International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32, 1052–1092, 2022.
[Angwin2016] Angwin, Julia, Larson, Jeff, Mattu, Surya and Kirchner, Lauren. "Machine Bias: There's Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And It's Biased Against Blacks". ProPublica, 2016. https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing
[Barocas2023] Barocas, Solon, Hardt, Moritz and Narayanan, Arvind. Fairness and Machine Learning: Limitations and Opportunities. MIT Press, 2023. https://fairmlbook.org
[Chouldechova2017] Chouldechova, Alexandra. "Fair Prediction with Disparate Impact: A Study of Bias in Recidivism Prediction Instruments". Big Data, 5(2), 153–163, 2017. doi:10.1089/big.2016.0047
[Kleinberg2017] Kleinberg, Jon, Mullainathan, Sendhil and Raghavan, Manish. "Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores". In Proceedings of the 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017), vol. 67, pp. 43:1–43:23. LIPIcs, 2017. doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.43
[Friedman2003] Friedman, Batya and Kahn, Peter H. "Human Values, Ethics, and Design". In Handbook on Human-Computer Interaction (eds. Jacko, J. and Sears, A.), pp. 1177–1201. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003.
[Holmes2022] Holmes, Wayne, Persson, Jenni, Chounta, Irene-Angelica, Wasson, Barbara and Dimitrova, Vania. Artificial Intelligence and Education: A Critical View Through the Lens of Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. Council of Europe, 2022. (ISBN: 978-92-871-9236-3)
[Holstein2019] Holstein, Kenneth, McLaren, Bruce M. and Aleven, Vincent. "Co-Designing a Real-Time Classroom Orchestration Tool to Support Teacher–AI Complementarity". Journal of Learning Analytics, 6(2), 27–52, 2019.
[Prinsloo2017] Prinsloo, Paul and Slade, Sharon. "Ethics and Learning Analytics: Charting the (Un)Charted". In Handbook of Learning Analytics (eds. Lang, Charles, Siemens, George, Wise, Alyssa and Gasevic, Dragan), pp. 49–57. SOLAR, 2017.
[Regan2019] Regan, Priscilla M. and Jesse, Jolynn. "Ethical Challenges of Edtech, Big Data and Personalized Learning: Twenty-first Century Student Sorting and Tracking". Ethics and Information Technology, 21, 167–179, 2019.
[Reich2017] Reich, Justin and Ito, Mizuko. From Good Intentions to Real Outcomes: Equity by Design in Learning Technologies. Digital Media and Learning Research Hub, 2017.
[Warschauer2003] Warschauer, Mark. Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. MIT Press, 2003.
[Zuboff2019] Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. PublicAffairs, 2019.
哲学・歴史・古典・行動主義（Comenius・Skinner・Pavlov・Turing・Shannon・Whitehead・PLATO history）
[Comenius1657] Comenius, John Amos. Didactica Magna. 1657. (English translation: The Great Didactic, trans. M. W. Keatinge, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1907.)
[Pavlov1927] Pavlov, Ivan P. Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Oxford University Press, 1927.
[Shannon1948] Shannon, Claude E. "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379–423, 623–656, 1948. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
[Skinner1938] Skinner, B. F. The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1938.
[Turing1937] Turing, Alan M. "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, s2-42(1), 230–265, 1937. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230
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